What has been a notable shift in modern Europe compared to 1650?

The notable shift in modern Europe compared to 1650 is the gains in population and religious tolerance. Since the mid-17th century, Europe has experienced significant demographic changes, with populations increasing due to improvements in agriculture, healthcare, and living conditions. This growth contributed to larger, more diverse societies.

In terms of religious tolerance, the period following the Protestant Reformation and the subsequent religious wars laid the foundation for a more tolerant approach to different faiths. Enlightenment ideals promoted concepts of individual rights and freedoms, leading to a gradual acceptance of diverse beliefs in various countries. Legislative changes and societal shifts also encouraged coexistence among different religious groups, contrasting sharply with the more intolerant attitudes observed during the earlier periods, where religious conflicts were commonplace.

This trend reflects a broader transformation in European society, indicating a move towards modernity characterized by increased rights and acceptance among diverse populations, rather than the conflicts and rigidities that prevailed in earlier times.